Sudan nation profile – BBC Information

Sudan’s historical past goes again to the pharaonic interval. It was the largest and one of the crucial geographically various states in Africa, till its cut up into two nations in 2011 after southern Sudan voted for independence.

This adopted a long time of battle by the primarily Christian and Animist south in opposition to rule by the Arab Muslim north.

Fashionable Sudan has lengthy been beset by battle and instability since independence, with two prolonged north-south civil wars and a protracted conflict within the western area of Darfur.

2023 noticed combating get away within the capital, Khartoum, on account of a vicious energy battle throughout the nation’s navy management.

Head of State: Lt-Gen Abdel Fattah al-Burhan

Lieutenant-Normal Abdel Fattah al-Burhan is the present navy chief of Sudan. He took energy after a navy coup in April 2019 following months of protests in opposition to Omar al-Bashir’s authorities and his months authoritarian rule.

A navy and civilian Sovereign Council was established to collectively rule Sudan and put together the nation for a return to civilian rule and nationwide elections.

Nation-wide protests in opposition to Hamdok’s cooperation with the navy led Hamdok to step down completely in 2022. Al-Burhan has since pledged to ascertain a technocratic authorities and dismissed the 5 civilian members of council.

Lt-Gen Burhan has been accused of involvement in atrocities throughout navy operations in opposition to non-Arab civilians in Darfur in 2003, when he was chief of floor forces.

Sudanese broadcasting is very restricted and state TV and radio replicate authorities coverage.

The personal press carries opposition views, however the state makes use of its powers to affect what’s printed.

Some key dates in Sudan’s historical past:

2500-1500BC – Kerma kingdom, based mostly within the southern a part of Nubia, present-day northern and central Sudan. It’s lastly absorbed into the New Kingdom of Egypt.

1550-1069BC – A lot of Sudan is a part of the New Kingdom of Egypt.

1070BC – 350AD – Following the late Bronze Age collapse of civilisations throughout the japanese Mediterranean, the Kingdom of Kush emerges as a Nubian state centred on the confluences of the Blue Nile and White Nile rivers.

350-1500 – Space sees sequence of medieval Christian kingdoms; Nobatia, Makuria, Alodia, and Daju.

639-641 – Muslim Arabs conquer Byzantine Egypt after which try and invade Nubia however are defeated.

14th and fifteenth Centuries – Bedouin tribes overrun most of Sudan.

1504-1821 – Sultanate of Sennar or Blue Sultanate, based mostly in Sudan, north-western Eritrea and western Ethiopia.

1821 – Ottoman ruler of Egypt, Muhammad Ali of Egypt, conquers northern Sudan. Though technically beneath the Ottoman Empire, Muhammad Ali kinds himself as Khedive of a just about unbiased Egypt.

1881– Muhammad Ahmad, the Mahdi or Guided One, leads a profitable conflict in opposition to Ottoman-Egyptian navy rule in Sudan.

1884-85 – Siege of Khartoum. The British-appointed governor, Normal Gordon is killed when the town falls to Mahdist forces.

1885 – Muhammad Ahmad dies.

Eighteen Nineties – Britain seeks to re-establish their management over Sudan, nominally within the identify of the Egyptian Khedive, however in actuality as a British colony. Britain fears different colonial powers would make the most of Sudan’s instability to accumulate territory beforehand annexed to Egypt.

1896-98 – Normal Kitchener leads navy campaigns, culminating in a decisive victory on the Battle of Omdurman in September 1898.

1899-1955 – Sudan is beneath joint British-Egyptian rule. In actuality, Sudan is successfully administered as a British colony.

1952 – Egyptian revolution triggers a transfer in direction of Sudanese independence. Egypt and Britain permit each Sudanese areas, north and south, to vote on independence.

1956 – Sudan turns into unbiased.

1955-1972 – First Sudanese Civil Conflict, between north and south over calls for for extra regional autonomy by southern Sudan area. Some 500,000 are estimated to have been killed. A 1972 peace settlement fails to satisfactorily dispel tensions.

1969 – Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry carries out a coup. Parliament and political events are abolished.

1977 – Restricted political pluralism launched

1983 – Numeiry introduces Sharia Islamic regulation.

1983-2005 – Second Sudanese Civil Conflict. Between the central Sudanese authorities and the Sudan Individuals’s Liberation Military. Largely a continuation of the primary civil conflict. The conflict results in the independence of South Sudan in 2011. Some two million individuals die on account of conflict, famine and illness brought on by the battle.

1989 – Colonel Omar al-Bashir carries out a navy coup. Al-Bashir appoints himself president in 1993

2003-2020 – Conflict in Darfur between the Sudan Liberation Motion (SLM) and the Justice and Equality Motion (JEM) insurgent teams in opposition to the federal government, which they are saying is oppressing Darfur’s non-Arab inhabitants. The federal government responds with a marketing campaign of ethnic cleaning in opposition to Darfur’s non-Arabs. The UN estimates as much as 300,000 are killed within the combating.

2009 – Worldwide Felony Court docket points an arrest warrant for President Bashir on fees of conflict crimes and crimes in opposition to humanity referring to the battle in Darfur.

2011 – South Sudan beneficial properties independence following years of conflict with the central authorities in Khartoum.

2019 – Military ousts President Bashir after months of protests in opposition to his rule.

2020 – Sudan indicators peace cope with the Sudan Revolutionary Entrance (SRF), a coalition of insurgent teams from the western area of Darfur and the southern states of South Kordofan and Blue Nile, to finish the combating in Dafur.

2023 – Energy battle throughout the navy authorities sees months of widespread combating between the common military and members of the paramilitary Speedy Help Forces (RSF). A whole bunch die and a few 5 million individuals are pressured to flee their houses.